#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>

class CountedInteger
{
public:
  // Default constructor and copy constructor
  CountedInteger();
  CountedInteger(int value);
  CountedInteger(const CountedInteger& other);
  ~CountedInteger();

  // Overloaded addition
  CountedInteger operator+(const CountedInteger& rhs);

  // Get the current value of the integer
  int getValue(void) { return mValue; }

  // Number of times we've constructed a CountedInteger object
  static int howMany() { return numCreated; }

private:
  int mValue;
  static int numCreated;

};

// Since this is static, we have to initialize it outside the declaration
int CountedInteger::numCreated = 0;

// Default constructor
CountedInteger::CountedInteger()
{
  printf("CountedInteger default constructor\n");
  numCreated++;
}

CountedInteger::CountedInteger(int value)
{
  printf("CountedInteger constructor (value = %d)\n", value);
  mValue = value;
  numCreated++;
  *((int*)NULL) = 5; // crash here!
}

// Copy constructor
CountedInteger::CountedInteger(const CountedInteger& other)
{
  printf("CountedInteger copy constructor (value = %d)\n", other.mValue);
  mValue = other.mValue;
  numCreated++;
}

CountedInteger::~CountedInteger()
{
  printf("CountedInteger destructor\n");
  numCreated--;
}

// Overloaded + operator
CountedInteger CountedInteger::operator+(const CountedInteger& rhs)
{
  return CountedInteger(mValue + rhs.mValue);
}


/*
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  CountedInteger x(1); // This calls a constructor
  CountedInteger y(2);
  CountedInteger z; // Default constructor

  //CountedInteger a = x; // Copy constructor

  x = 5;
  y = 3;

  z = x + y;

  printf("We now have %d CountedIntegers\n", CountedInteger::howMany());
  printf("z = %d\n", z.getValue());

}
*/

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  //CountedInteger* a = (CountedInteger*) malloc(sizeof(CountedInteger));
  CountedInteger* a = new CountedInteger(100);
  //*a = 100;

  printf("We now have %d CountedIntegers\n", CountedInteger::howMany());
  printf("a = %d\n", a->getValue());

  delete a;
}

/*
class IntContainer
{
public:
  IntContainer(int value = 0);

private:
  CountedInteger mInt;
};

IntContainer::IntContainer(int value)
 : mInt(value)
{ }

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  IntContainer x = 5; // 
  //x = 5;

  printf("We created %d CountedIntegers\n", CountedInteger::howMany());
}

*/